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食用菌多糖結(jié)構(gòu)與功能研究進(jìn)展

發(fā)表時(shí)間:2024-11-06 13:29

食用菌多糖


食用菌是可供食用的大型真菌,通稱為蘑菇,多屬擔(dān)子菌亞門,少數(shù)屬子囊菌亞門,具有獨(dú)特的香氣和口感,是被公認(rèn)的功能性食品。我國是最早栽培和利用食用菌的國家,食用菌資源十分豐富[1],有很多關(guān)于食用菌的記載,如《呂氏春秋·本味篇》中將香菇的美味描述為“味之美者,越駱之菌”;《齊民要術(shù)》、《唐本草注》、《種芝經(jīng)》、《四時(shí)纂要》中均記載了一些食用菌的栽培方法;《菌譜》、《廣菌譜》、《吳蕈譜》、《神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)》記述了許多種食用菌的形態(tài)及其生長特征。


多糖被認(rèn)為是地球上形成的第一種生物聚合物,由糖苷鍵聚合而成,結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜且分子量龐大,來源于植物、微生物細(xì)胞壁和動(dòng)物細(xì)胞膜,在生物體中發(fā)揮著信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)、免疫調(diào)控和物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸?shù)茸饔?,影響機(jī)體物質(zhì)代謝和能量代謝,維持人體健康[2]。食用菌中含有豐富的多糖,可從子實(shí)體、菌絲體、菌糠或發(fā)酵液中分離,由醛基和酮基通過糖苷鍵連接,是具有天然生物活性的高分子聚合物[3]。常見的食用菌多糖有香菇多糖、靈芝多糖、杏鮑菇多糖、姬松茸多糖、金針菇多糖、猴頭菇多糖、蛹蟲草多糖等,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者通過大量研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)食用菌多糖具有抗氧化[4]、抗腫瘤[5]、抗病毒[6]、抗菌[7]、抗炎[8]、調(diào)節(jié)免疫[9]、降血糖[10]、降血脂[11]等生理功能。不同食用菌來源的多糖結(jié)構(gòu)和組成不同[12],作為一種生物反應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)劑,食用菌多糖的生物活性與其結(jié)構(gòu)密切相關(guān),如單糖組成、糖苷鍵類型、分子質(zhì)量不同,生物活性和作用機(jī)制會(huì)有一定的差異。


現(xiàn)代社會(huì),人們對(duì)功能性食品更加關(guān)注,食用菌多糖作為原料,有其不可取代的價(jià)值。筆者對(duì)常見的食用菌多糖的結(jié)構(gòu)、功能及其作用機(jī)理進(jìn)行綜述,旨在為其在功能性食品中的應(yīng)用提供理論基礎(chǔ)。



食用菌多糖結(jié)構(gòu)


大多數(shù)食用菌多糖是α-葡聚糖、β-葡聚糖或者混合α,β-葡聚糖,以及由果糖、半乳糖、甘露糖等多種單糖組成的雜多糖。目前已報(bào)道的葡聚糖主要是(1→3)-β-D-葡聚糖、(1→6)-β-D-葡聚糖、混合(1→3)-α-D-葡聚糖和(1→6)-β-D-葡聚糖,其中,β-葡聚糖是食用菌中最廣泛存在的功能多糖,其結(jié)構(gòu)多為具有分支的β-(1→3)-D-葡聚糖。不同食用菌多糖結(jié)構(gòu)不完全相同,不同栽培方法和提取方法也會(huì)影響食用菌多糖的結(jié)構(gòu),目前關(guān)于食用菌多糖的結(jié)構(gòu)特征見表1。



食用菌多糖結(jié)構(gòu)特征









參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]ZHANG Y R, WANG D W, CHEN Y T, et al. Healthy function and high valued utilization of edible fungi[J]. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2021, 10 (4) :408-420.
[2]HAMZA A, GHANEKAR S, SANTHOSH KUMAR D. Current trends in health-promoting potential and biomaterial applications of edible mushrooms for human wellness[J]. Food Bioscience, 2023, 51 :102290.
[3]ZHENG Z P, XU Y, QIN C, et al. Characterization of antiproliferative activity constituents from Artocarpus heterophyllus[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2014,62 (24) :5519-5527.
[4]SONG X L, LIU Z H, ZHANG J J, et al. Antioxidative and hepatoprotective effects of enzymatic and acidic-hydrolysis of Pleurotus geesteranus mycelium polysaccharides on alcoholic liver diseases[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers,2018,201 :75-86.
[5]LóPEZ-LEGARDA X, ROSTRO-ALANIS M, PARRA SALDIVAR R, et al. Submerged cultivation, characterization and in vitro antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Schizo phyllum radiatum[J]. International Journal of Biological Macro?molecules, 2021, 186 :919-932.
[6]MOUSSA A Y, FAYEZ S, XIAO H, et al. New insights into antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of edible mushrooms[J]. Food Research International, 2022,162 :111982.
[7]KRISHNAMOORTHI R, SRINIVASH M, MAHALINGAM P U, et al. Dietary nutrients in edible mushroom, Agaricus bisporus and their radical scavenging, antibacterial, and antifungal effects[J]. Process Biochemistry, 2022, 121 :10-17.
[8]SONG X L, REN Z Z, WANG X X, et al.   Antioxidant, anti inflammatory and renoprotective effects of acidic-hydrolytic poly?saccharides by spent mushroom compost (Lentinula edodes ) on LPS-induced kidney injury[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, 151 :1267-1276.
[9]LI J H, SHI H, LI H, et al. Structural elucidation and immuno?regulatory activity of a new polysaccharide obtained from the edible part of Scapharca subcrenata[J]. Process Biochemistry, 2023,128 :76-93.
[10]JIAO J Q, YONG T Q, HUANG L H, et al. A Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide F31 alleviates hyperglycemia through kidney protection and adipocyte apoptosis[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 226 :1178-1191.
[11]GE Y Z, QIU H M, ZHENG J X. Physicochemical characteristics and anti-hyperlipidemic effect of polysaccharide from BaChu mushroom(Helvella leucopus)[J]. Food Chemistry:X,2022,15:100443.
[12]聶少平,王玉簫,殷軍藝 . 食用菌多糖結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)有序性研究概述[J]. 中國食品學(xué)報(bào),2021,21(8):1-24.
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